Reviews

What Is Art? by Aylmer Maude, Leo Tolstoy

jelina's review against another edition

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informative reflective slow-paced

4.5

florismeertens's review against another edition

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Na het lezen van "Mijn Biecht", een gepassioneerd en lekker polemisch betoog over de religieuze bekering van Tolstoj, was ik benieuwd naar zijn visie op de kunsten. En de stijl hier is van dezelfde soort: onbeteugeld, vol bravoure, bijna overmoedig. Aan de ene kant levert dat schitterend citaten op:

"De kunst van onze tijd is voorbestemd om onze gevoelswereld te laven aan de christelijke waarheid, die verkondigt dat ons welzijn ligt in eenwording en in de vervanging van het huidige rijk van geweld door het rijk van God en van de liefde, als hoogste ideaal van de gehele mensheid."

Voor een naïeve, Christelijke idealist als ik is dat natuurlijk genieten. En ik deel zijn ideeën tot op zekere hoogte: elitaire, wereldvreemde kunst dat geen plaats kan vinden in de wereld, is minder eerbiedwaardig dan kunst die werkelijk kan communiceren met mensen. Er zit soms een puurheid in volkse kunst, die waardevoller is dan de geleerdheid van de postmodernistische romancier. En de focus leggen op authenticiteit kan ik ook waarderen. Het afwijzen van kunstscholen, van dogma's, van imitatiekunst, is bewonderenswaardig.

Maar ondanks meeslepende argumenten, gaat Tolstoj op veel punten de mist in. Kunst zien als communicatiemiddel tussen mensen is een legitiem standpunt. Maar zeggen dat die communicatie altijd universeel begrijpelijk moet zijn, is dan wat mij betreft niet redelijk. Ik (en Tolstoj zeker ook) communiceer op verschillende wijze met verschillende mensen. Als hij terug zou gaan op het Nieuwe Testament, zou hij hetzelfde vinden: zodat iedereen het begrijpen kan, hoeft het niet op één universele wijze worden uitgelegd, maar moet het juist op allerlei wijzen worden toegelicht. Tolstoj ontkent de pluriformiteit van de mensen, en denkt dat iedereen door dezelfde dingen wordt bewogen. Iedereen moet zijn smaak delen.

De hartstochtelijke minachting jegens Rimbaud en Wagner is komisch, en zet tot denken aan, maar is niet geheel overtuigend. Veel dingen waarmee hij het bekritiseert, zijn immers ook te vinden in de eenvoudige, volkse kunsten. Daar gaat het zeker om fysieke indrukken te wekken, en eveneens om amusement. Onbegrijpelijkheid is altijd relatief. Als er iemand is, die de dwaze rijmpjes van de symbolisten begrijpt en koestert, heeft het zijn taak volbracht.

Wat hij ook zeggen wil, Tolstojs visie op kunst heeft de ethiek als fundament. Is dat erg? Niet per se, maar hij spreekt zichzelf wel tegen dan.

Een van mijn grootste problemen die ik heb, is hoge eis die hij stelt aan kunst, en als gevolg de lage waardering die hij heeft voor zijn eigen werk. Hij zegt dat slechts twee van zijn eigen verhalen (die ik overigens niet gelezen) de stempel kunst waardig zijn. Maar is de Dood van Ivan Iljitsj dan niet een ontwapenend verhaal over nederigheid en barmhartigheid? Gaat Vader Sergej niet over de Christelijke waarden? Communiceert Anna Karenina, wat nota bene voor zijn bekering is geschreven, niet de pracht van het volkse leven, wanneer Levin als aristocraat op zijn eigen land gaat werken, samen met de boeren? Waarom zijn al die ontroerende scènes, die voor mij persoonlijk een religieuze betekenis hadden, dan geen kunst?

Al met al een interessant maar zeker niet foutloos betoog.

woolfen's review against another edition

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4.0

4.5 Stars.

Tolstoy's account of art is often treated as traditional and conservative within philosophy of art discussions, but at the heart of his argument is a very openminded, humanist thesis on human relations to the potential of our labour. Whilst for him this is motivated by simple religion, freed from dogma, he alludes to the humanist character at the core of this ideology - facilitating a philosophy that can be freed of religious direction. He also writes quite precisely and in a way which is very comprehensible if you take your time with it.

pluto_kat's review against another edition

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challenging informative reflective medium-paced

4.0

ilybinaya's review against another edition

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3.0

in this conservative, traditional, religious, faithful, yet somehow ahead-of-its-time essay, the great russian writer tolstoy tries to tackle the subject of art as to provide his insights on what is art, what is regarded as good art, what the future of art is, and the purpose of it. first he puts all the previous attempts to define art in a part, then he starts to criticise the art of his time, followed by the good art as one that promotes the christian brotherly love which all people will feel the love and become infected by this sort of art; lastly in the conclusion he attempts a critique on science and how it is not helping the society to solve the fundamental problems it faces, but only providing cures that serve as the problems have already taken place; after he discusses the future art with a hopeful tone, that with all the resources available, everyone is able to make art and thus it will serve the greater purpose of uniting humans.

however great as tolstoy is in literature, his art criticism is somehow failing, easily contributed by the fact that the arguments often are followed by a weak link of reasoning, especially the part regarding the religion consciousness, it is the mencius sort of argument that involves loads of metaphors with little elaboration, as if it is easily self-evident. secondly, as he himself writes that his view on this subject would be taken as a paradox, it indeed becomes a paradox with little effort. to say that art criticism is one of the culprit that leads to a sort of bad art being appreciated by the general public is also denying the fact that, art criticism, as a double-edged sword, can be served as a tool to help people realise and understand what art is. the other example of which i am going to refute here would be how he envision the future of art would be under a even broader scope of universalising the privilege of education, especially when he is strongly against the idea of art as a profession, which in today's capitalist world, art becomes a profession, as itself is a commodity too, and his vision of the future art simply expels all of these possibilities that might mingle together, as he only sees what he wishes to see, like everyone else. this simply comes off as to be slightly absurd, as the theory of marx, malthus to him, that his theory on art is equally contradictory, and may be baseless too, in terms of how he totally disregard the form, (even though my art criticism would be using the same leverage) and simply attributes the miseducation of people in art to that of being unable to recognise the good art; and this is conflicting in terms of how he thinks that education would be unnecessary for artistic pursuits, because all these knowledge leads to imitation of the same sort of art with little genuineness. 

tolstoy's view on art is very bona fide, in which with all seriousness his extremely sarcastic comments against all those popular artists of that time are such fun to read, and that may serve as the mere amusement it could bring, despite of his very sincerity that hopes for the betterment of the mankind, in regard of their pursuit of christian art, not to mention that his idea of art provoking this universal feeling would somehow be contradictory to christian art, which i'm afraid, not all religions do share the brotherly love which christianity promotes, lest we forget that he did mention the buddhism. the thorough asceticism depicted in his essay would be very helpful to serve as a text evidence to battle against all the vanity on earth, which is still very prominent. 

sorry tolstoy, it is hard to be optimistic about the future of art, as for the status quo is already worse that it used to be.

rick2's review against another edition

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4.0

An interesting and well done work. The idea of art as the communication of emotion from a source to an audience is potent. He focuses on writing, poetry, painting, music, and theatre but I believe that his ideas can apply to a broader suite of creative acts; cooking, dance, even athletics to a degree. Any sufficiently deep activity or creation as to allow emotional expression.

Unfortunately it seems like Tolstoy misses the simple fact that accessibility for the art he talks about was unavailable for most of the population up until recent history. Literacy and access to reading material often being withheld from the masses. Churches represented the largest exposure to art in the European world for a long time. He at one point idolizes the simplicity of “peasant” songs and stories, but in doing so, clearly shows the rift in his worldview.

snivets's review against another edition

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5.0

I think I'm pretty thoroughly a postmodernist. I think a world of many truths, and myriad art, is a more beautiful world. Tolstoy quite passionately disagrees. And even though art, and my view of it, is central to my identity, his piercing philosophy of art deeply shook me. A fantastic read! He goes hard against basically all of art, religion, and a bonus subject in the conclusion that was surprising to me, but well set up. Is there more philosophy this entertaining?!

N.B. Boy, does Tolstoy hate Wagner!

elizabexs's review against another edition

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challenging funny informative reflective slow-paced

4.0

fermentedsorcerer's review against another edition

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informative slow-paced

4.0

megemily1101's review against another edition

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informative reflective slow-paced

3.5